You can only get to the police station and science lab if your sim works there and you can only get to the hospital if your sim works there or your sim is having a baby. You can't access them from the map.
Join the Scientist, Doctor, or Detective career. When you "join" your Sim at work, it will be at those places. They aren't on the maps to get to any other way.
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~My showcase thread~
http://forums.thesims.com/en_US/discussion/814744/mzhicks-builds
How You Liven - A Peek Into YOUR Sims World
http://forums.thesims.com/en_US/discussion/887032/how-you-liven#latest
You have to get a job as a doctor, scientist or detective.
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"Just Exquisitely Goode"
~My showcase thread~
http://forums.thesims.com/en_US/discussion/814744/mzhicks-builds
How You Liven - A Peek Into YOUR Sims World
http://forums.thesims.com/en_US/discussion/887032/how-you-liven#latest